Learning happens gradually over time. We know that content that is revisited over time has a much larger impact over content that is delivered in a ‘one and done’ style.
So what does it mean to gradually release responsibility.
This means that we are moving students from needing us to not needing us. We are moving them to independent tasks.
So what does this look like in the classroom.
Well it looks at 4 different levels of support that you move students through to teach a concept.
It means that we don’t expect students to do anything independently before we get them to do it with us. Now that doesn’t mean they don’t try. But it does mean that we don’t assess them until we can get work them through the learning.
The four different levels are
Modelled teaching
Shared learning
Guided learning
Independent learning.
So what does this look like in the classroom?
Modelled Teaching
In this phase students are introduced to learning about something.
The teacher is teaching the students are watching. There is a lot of talking through what you are doing to make your thinking visible. This is like show and tell of teaching.
The teacher has 90% of the control over the learning.
In Writing – you are walking them through how you do something. You show them and talk them through your thought process.
In reading you are doing the reading. You are sharing the thinking. You are the only one with the book.
In math – you are showing students how you do something you are making your thinking visible. Say it, show it, do it live.
Shared Learning
In this type of learning you are learning along side your students the teacher is less in control.
You may lead the learning but the students have all of the materials in front of them.
They are starting to use this as a way to follow along as you do it with them. You ask them for more input as this is less of a passive experience.
Think of this as a 60/40 split. Where the teacher is still doing most of the heavy lifting. Teachers create anchor charts and learning objectives here for students to follow.
In Writing – you may write together. Whole group teacher asks for input but leads the discussion. More interactive with students.
In reading – everyone has a copy of the text and you work though it together. You ask questions and get answers but the teacher is still leading.
In math – you may work through a problem together. Students share what they learned and you help to walk them through the learning.
Guided Learning
This is small group learning
Targeted instruction
Easy assessment opportunities.
More work done here by student.
Teacher as a guide not a leader.
Independent Learning
Student on their own without support.
Students lean on examples and previous support
Use anchor charts from previous lessons.
Here is where you assess
Can they apply what they have learned to do as you ask.
Students also do not pass through this in a straight path. Sometimes it is two steps forward and one step back.
This is why time is your friends and revisiting concepts over and over helps
Give small goals and take baby steps.
What is driving you crazy focus on that. Do that. Fix that. Show them how, do it together, let them try.
Just don’t do too much for them.
Students will not do it all all at once. It will be one step at a time.
That is true my the hardest part. To get it out of my head and on to paper (even digital paper) where I can manipulate the data and make it make sense to me.
If we are using an inquiry approach, we may have moved beyond the pencil and paper assessment as the final culminating task. But we still need a definitive way to track learning.
So here are a few tips that help me to keep on top of assessment.
Old School Paper
Yep it’s true I know that many of you know that I have a love-hate relationship with paper but it is often still my go to …. quick grab that to jot down some info at the moment… type assessment paper.
I have many different ways that I layout my assessment pages depending on what I need.
Checklist
Checklist with note space
Anecdotal Note box
Seating plan notes
Conferenceforms
Except for this year (since I returned mid-year) I am always behind the eight ball. I usually have these copied and ready to go easily accessible whenever I need them.
I also have one of those compartment clipboards that has storage, and this is great for tossing assessment pages into so that I can eventually import them into digital when I’m ready.
Want to take a look at my tracking pages? Here —> Inquiry Assessment Notes
Or see my class list examples here —> BLANK Classroom assessment pages
Keeping It Digital
I lose everything…because I am forgetful and in 10 years cannot for the life of me find a system that keeps all my paper organized in a way that doesn’t overwhelm me. So I keep it all digital.
I take photos
I do quick exit checks
I have students self-assess. I snap a class picture with their fingers up.
I jot notes
Writing reflections
I take photos of conference forms (because sometimes my students lose them)
Feedback
Feedback is an integral form of assessment.
With all assessment, it must go together with feedback. Assessment without it is pointless.
It also has to be feedback that allows students to respond to it so that they can make improvements.
For this, I go back to paper.
Conference Forms – students fill out conference forms with me after they are done writing a draft. I have done this both digitally and in written form. Students self-reflect on what they need to work on before they begin to talk with me. Feedback is the one crucial thing that has the most significant impact on student growth. It is the feedback loop at the end of an assessment.
Get a copy of my digital student writing self-evaluation form here ->
Labels: if you find and order the large Avery labels of 6-10 labels on a page you can use Microsoft word to make labels with rubrics on them. Just a single point checkbric that allows you to give a quick assessment.
I mark all the work right there on the label page fill them out, photocopy the label page with the marks recorded then peel them out and attach them in each book. (I also take a photo of this page for when I lose it)
Home School Communication
So this is a big one
Parents seem to like knowing how their child is doing.
Feedback conference forms and the labels are helpful to keep parents in the loop
So I use a classroom blog. Now I don’t blog every day,but I do try to keep it updated most of the time.
One of the key ways I do this is to use an email service provider like mail chimp or MailerLite to automatically send all of my blog posts directly to the email of my parents. It is set up to use it like remind. All of my posts are pushed out to parents at 4 pm on school days.
I know that this is t technically assessment but keeping parents informed of the assessment you are doing help to keep them better prepared and informed if they choose to be.
A good project is engaging, relevant, and fun for students to share their learning.
Projects are an excellent way for students to share their learning with others.
If you are using an inquiry approach embedding choice is essential into this final project is vital.
Let them choose individually
Let them decide as a group
Give them a choice of the content and scope of their project.
The more you involve them and make it their own idea the more engagement you will receive.
But sometimes we want an idea of different types of projects that our students can do to share their learning.
Here are the tips five different types of projects that students can try to share their learning at the end of their inquiry.
Make Something
So many things we teach lends itself to getting students to make something. Adding in opportunities for hands-on learning is a great way to add some much-needed differentiation to your classroom.
Dioramas: These are oldies but goodies. Each year I always have some students choose this one. Dioramas are especially useful for creating habitats or creating a historical scene like in our First Nations and explorers unit, or ancient civilizations.
Prototypes/models: Any engineering unit leads well into creating models or prototypes to show how something works. In my classroom we make bridges, and buildings out of popsicle sticks and LEGO machines to show pulleys and gears.
Board Games: These are great to review concepts. Student generates questions can give you a great insight into their thinking.
Flag or Coat of Arms: History is full of historical figures. So looking at who they are and generating symbols and works that represent their personality or contribution to the history being studied can be a valuable way for students to apply what they have learned.
Map/ Treasure Hunt: for anything that relies on a geographic understanding such as land regions or location of different civilizations a map or treasure hunt is an excellent tool for students to show what they know.
Vocabulary Quilt: this is a great activity when what students are learning about is full of new vocabulary words that are key to their understanding of the topic. For topics such as rocks and minerals, students have plenty of critical vocabulary they can draw from to make a quilt that shows their learning.
Invention: sometimes in science students need to solve problems. With activities such as in the light and sound unit, students can get their creative juices flowing to invent a solution to an everyday problem
Demonstrate It
Sometimes students need just to explain it.
Experiments: This is a great way to show you that they learned something. Think of this as a science fair project. Students can demonstrate what they learned by showing you how something works.
Drama: Telling a story or explaining a concept using drama is a great way to teach a difficult concept creatively.
Role Play: Historical events can be represented by students taking on their persona and speaking using their voice. Although this doesn’t work for some historical events and cultural sensitivity needs to be considered. Using this with ancient civilizations or in science with concepts like animals, habitats, and rocks and minerals work well to speak about something from the perspective of the object.
Debate: teaching government this is a crucial strategy that can be used to look at two different sides of an issue. I can use this to discuss decision making, the charter of rights and freedoms and various pros and cons of political parties.
Conference: Sometimes the most valuable way to gather data with students is to conference with them. It is as simple as them telling you what they know. You can structure it like an interview or even a conversation.
Teach Others
Presentations / Posters: there may be another go to the final project. One that others will quickly volunteer to complete. It also might be the big one that students get their parents to do with them.
I still love this but try to use more digital tools instead of paper and pencil.
Show and Share: allow students to share what they have learned in a show and tell format. Each student uses an artefact that tells them a story and allows them to talk about how the object represents their learning. Objects can be collected, citrates and displayed as a classroom museum.
Advertisements: Need to add some media literacy to your projects then this one is a good one to use.
Assembly: I have only done this with one group, but it was pretty convincing. Students used other ideas from this list and combined them to create an assembly for our school to share with them how to conserve energy. This assembly was a tremendous student-generated experience that allowed them to share their ideas with a broad audience.
Tour Guide: Imagine that students had to walk someone through a concept or environment. Students can tour others through a historical event or environment. A tour guide would work well for topics such as ancient civilizations, a story or novel study, or science topics like light, sound, human body or habitats.
News Report: With a lot of topics asking for students to report on and provide their opinion with a news report is a great way to share their ideas. For any issues that ask them to report on specific events, students can present this information in a news report format.
Podcast/ Radio: Similarly to a news report students can use an interview format to record a podcast or radio show to explain different concepts like issues in government, historical leaders, or science concepts.
Digital
Here’s were taking a risk as a teacher has a big one. Some teachers are not digital natives. Our students may be much handier and knowledgeable about how to use the digital tools at their fingerprint tips to share what they have learned.
For teachers who may not have the technical skill or familiarity of digital platforms, allowing students to explore this avenue for the final project is a good idea. Although it is often extraordinarily intimidating and may or may lead to teachers avoiding this as an option for students to explore, I would highly recommend you throw caution to the wind and allow students to teach you something.
Digital tools can be a powerful way for students to share their learning.
Website: Many free platforms will enable students to create a website or blog. And there are also just as many tutorials that are designed to help students with how this can be done. Students can write and create a site on blogger or Weebly pretty easily that can act as a platform for them to show their knowledge
Video: This is always my go too digital project. It allows students to show what they know to explain their thinking quickly and easily. It is an easy way to grab a presentation but in a way that doesn’t eat a tremendous amount of class time.
Kahoot / Quiz: why not take your quiz digital. Use google forms or kahoot and get students to share what they know by making a digital quiz.
Social Media Profile: like a biography but modernized. Students can create a Facebook profile, an Instagram feed or twitter feed that represents a person or concept. If we think of a social media feed as capturing a moment in our lives in a curated way, then a social media feed will fit into many history, science, or language projects.
Walking Tour Plan: what to know what a place looks like but cannot go. This is a great time to use the tech at our fingers to explore more areas through the use of google classroom. When I worked as an ESL teacher google street view was my best friend as we explored our community and the vocabulary around them through our virtual walking tours around our neighbourhood.
Explainer Video: Ever have a concept that can be explained using a how-to video. These explainer videos are an excellent way for students to teach and explain different ideas to others. Math and science are great subjects to explore these concepts as students can film themselves completing their work and telling how it was done and why.
Interview: using tech to record an interview with each other of others about their crucial knowledge. They can share what they have learned by interviewing and videoing a partner to show what they know about any and every subject and topic area.
Application / Integration
For these types of projects why not try integrating multiple subjects into one project.
In this way, we can work smarter not harder.
I get multiple forms of assessment with one project.
Write a story: sometimes the things we learned in science and history follow the pattern of a story with events happening with a beginning middle and end. Students can take events from history and retell them in the form of a story with vital historical people as main characters of the event. They can embed as many facts and details as they can into their work. Additionally in science students can tell a story to explain how things work telling the story of how the blood travels through the human body is one exciting way that I’ve had students use this form of a project to demonstrate their knowledge.
Art: for many of our students their strengths lie in the artistic expression. Open-ended products that allow students to demonstrate their learning through their creativity creates new avenues that are not traditionally explored. Final projects in the art also mean that you can add more substance to your art time that moves up beyond free time for students
Biography: there many times in history or sure people play pickle rolls, and her understanding of historical events having students apply what they have learned about these individuals by writing a biography integrates many writing expectations and social studies lessons in an authentic way.
Play: sometimes we have very imagined of students in our class who are continually using their free Playtime engaged and imaginative play capture the strength and students by allowing them to explore scientific principles and historical events through dramatization.
Dance: although I put this as an option for many of my students I always wonder if anyone will try it but almost every time at least once a year a student will write a song a wrap and put it to dance to present the information they’ve learned in math science or social studies. The thing with surprises me the most each time it happens is it it’s not for the students I would expect to choose dance as a platform for the final project.
These are just some of the many projects your students can choose.
Instead of choosing what your students complete why not open it up to them to decide how they would like to show their learning.
Or if that is just a bit too much freedom choose one idea from each section above and present it as an option.
Autonomy: the power to be independent and free; freedom from external control or influence.
Increasing student autonomy in my classroom has led to
Classroom management is easier
The time I take to plan a lesson, or unit etc has decreased
I develop stronger relationship with my students
Teaching is easier
Students learn and retain more
I know bold right…but it is true!!
People ask me all the time how I do it. I teach full time, have three little kiddos at home, a husband I like spending time with, a TPT store, FB live…. etc.
Do I sleep? Yes when the baby lets me…lol
But as a teacher, I have time in my life for these things because I use inquiry and give my students more autonomy. It’s not working harder it is working smarter.
Voice and Choice
Students don’t want to come to school and be told what to do every minute of every day. They want to have a purpose and a choice in what they do.
Increasing voice and choice is the single most effective thing that reduces the time it takes to plan a lesson.
If they are doing it I don’t have too
I have my curriculum expectations, I know what needs to be covered. I share this with them. Then together in class, we brainstorm ways to do this to accomplish these goals. I give some suggestions, I listen to their ideas, we refine our list then they do it.
What am I not doing? Planning 6 different differentiated assignments at home that I think they will enjoy.
I simply just ask them what they will enjoy. We design it together, in class, then they do it.
Coach and Guide
Imagine your classroom as a basketball court. As the teacher where are you?
What is the role of the coach?
The coach gives the students time to practice, shows them different drills, teaches them the rules, all so that when it is game-time the students know how to play.
As a teacher, this is my role too
I guide students but I don’t do it with them or for them. I try to avoid being a helicopter teacher. Learning isn’t always easy and there are pitfalls and consequences. Learning from mistakes is key to self-directed and self-motivated learners.
I don’t do all of the ‘heavy lifting’ in learning. They get to help too. Sometimes it is a matter of me just getting out of their way since I can over complicate things or make assumptions.
I leverage student questions and interest to guide what we do.
I give them meaningful choices and provide feedback.
I link what we do and why we do it. Giving a purpose to what we are learning.
Classroom Management
Choice, freedom and control are not finite. By the teacher giving up some control over the direction of learning does not mean that you cease to be the leader in your classroom.
Even a democracy needs a leader.
In fact, I think of my classroom as a sort of constitutional monarchy. I am the head of the classroom but I simply just provide the framework and oversight to make sure things run smoothly. I provide the rules but they decide how they will work within this system. They have choices and ownership in what happens. They have rights and responsibility.
When corrections happen or we lose our way I step in but they see why. I hold them accountable for their choices.
As a teacher that gives autonomy in their classroom, I am still involved. I am not giving anything away by asking them to share their ideas and opinions on how the classroom should be run. My classroom belongs to my students just as much as it belongs to me (even though I will never let them decorate it)
Together we make goals about what we want to work on
We talk about ourselves as a team that needs to work together and support each other in order to be successful.
We understand that everyone brings different skills and value to the group so we don’t expect that same thing from the same people but we all play our part.
Everyone has a role and a purpose to help us be successful.
So when we increase the autonomy we also have to increase the support to prepare them for this.
This is why a classroom still needs to be predictable, structured and organized. (they just get a say in what this looks like)
But the center of the classroom is not the teacher but it is the student learning. We are all there to learn. Together we work together to ensure learning, real learning, deep learning happens.
But this also means that we need to deal with the social and emotional issues that get in the way of learning.
bullying
self esteem
mental health
nutritional
physical
All of these have an impact on how our students learn.
As a teacher in an autonomous classroom, I am there to support, lead, build confidence, focus on goals and strengths, see the student as an individual, make a plan to compensate for deficits and needs.
I am even there to teach. I still do a fair amount of teaching.
I teach by modelling different strategies, facilitation discussions, help them make connections between old and new information.
Overall giving my students more autonomy works!
They have choice
They have a say
They feel heard
They take ownership and responsibility
They develop as individuals with a unique set of strengths and goals
To read more about this topic including the research sources used in this blog post
Every teacher needs a teaching tool kit. A bunch of go to teaching strategies that they can use to carry out their amazing lessons. If you are beginning with inquiry you may need to refill your teacher bag of tricks with some new ideas.
Because sometimes we get stuck in a rut and forget that there is more than the think-pair-share strategy that will help us teach.
Remember back to a time when you were a fresh-faced university student just entering teachers college with hopes, dreams, a mountain of debt and this naive notion that you could change the world one read aloud at a time?
Then you start teacher’s college and you are suddenly hit with ‘NO FREE TIME’ the work overload, and you are hit with all of these ideas for teaching strategies but with no real idea how or why they would be used.
but the only one you do remember is that easy think-pair-share activity.
So you take that and for the last few years have relied on that one strategy more than any others.
or all of that could just be me ?!?!
There are so many great teaching strategies that help support inquiry-based learning in the classroom.
This is what we talked about during EP31 on Teaching with Inquiry Live
Watch It – Listen To It – Read the Transcript here
Here are some strategies that you may want to incorporate into your daily instruction.
Think-Pair-Share
This is a three stage questioning activity. First, you pose a question to your classYou give them time to process and think in silence. Then you have them share and work out their ideas with a partner. Finally, students share their thinking with the whole group
Think-Puzzle-Explore
A great idea from Visible Thinking is think-puzzle-explore. This is an activity to help students identify background knowledge, begin to question, then make a plan to find answers. It is perfect to use as a provocation during the engage stage of inquiry.
W5
This is a teaching strategy that I use with my students to help them dig deeper and ask more meaningful questions, arrive at deeper conclusions, make connections with what they are learning. After students share you ask them to explain their thinking with phrases like ‘why might it be that way’ ‘why do you think that’. Asking them to share-clarify-share-clarify 3-5 times helps students to come to much more meaningful conclusions and go beyond the surface.
Question Sort Matrix
If you are looking for a ‘now what’ after you have finished your wonder wall. This strategy will help you and your students to sort through those questions and evaluate which ones are worth exploring. In a graph you first evaluate the type of question on a horizontal line then you evaluate the questions on how interesting and appropriate they are to dig deeper with.
Connect – Extend – Challenge
When students are in the midst of learning sometimes you need them to focus on what it all means. Using this teaching strategy will help your students to connect new ideas to old ideas. Students connect what they are learning to previous learning, identify how their understanding has changed and explore ideas they still have questions about.
2 Stars and a Wish
Providing students with feedback is important but keeping it focused and manageable is important. Using this teaching strategy has helped me to frame how I provide either oral or written feedback for students. Presented in a compliment sandwich students can learn what they did well and what one next step they need to focus on next.
I.D.E.A.S
This is a strategy that I talked about in EP26 of Teaching with inquiry live (Watch It – Listen To It – Read The Transcript). Students need to be explicitly taught how to contribute to a discussion and IDEAS is a strategy that you can use to help them remember the ways they can contribute.
Graffiti Write
Sometimes you just don’t want to see another sticky note. I get it!! So sometimes I use a graffiti write instead. Students write their ideas all over the paper to answer a question, share their thoughts, or engage in a new concept. When students are done you have a paper that is full of student ideas going any direction possible.
Jigsaw
This is one of those popular teaching strategies from teachers college. It is a great way to cover a lot of information in a shorter amount of time. This is especially important when you want students exposed to lots of different ideas but perhaps they don’t need expert knowledge in all areas. I often use this strategy when looking at habitats, energy sources, or physical regions. This activity requires a high degree of accountability on all students. Sometimes this isn’t always possible and some students need more support. Hear about how I handle this issue in ep31 of Teaching With Inquiry Live.
Learning Journals
This is a great teaching strategy tool that was popularized by this great resource and amazing teacher Jennifer Runde. She uses learning journals in her interactive math journal resource on TPT. This idea of getting students to reflect on their learning is an important task that I include in my student conferences as well as my science and social studies units. Students identify the learning goal, and what they know about it before learning. After some new knowledge has been gained students reflect on what they have learned and show that they have learned it through this journal.
Do you want more details on the teaching strategies listed here? These slides and more are in my inquiry teaching library.
In fact in the research by John Hattie, inquiry based learning and project based learning fall below the line. The rate in which something is deemed to have an average effect on student achievement.
Well that’s not good news….
But then you hear Hattie explaining why this might be it makes more sense. Watch Hattie explain this here.
Now I will acknowledge that Hattie’s critics state that his meta analysis of research is based on research dating back to the 1960’s which indeed could be problematic if applied to today’s classrooms. You can read more here and here
So what do we do with this?…..Well the way I see it.
Hattie’s scale of effectiveness ranks inquiry based teaching just below the average score of 0.4. This still means there is a positive effect
Inquiry is an umbrella term that involves many important teaching practices that rank much higher on Hattie’s list including:
Piagetian Programs (using developmentally appropriate reasoning and higher order thinking skills. This means no complex analysis for junior students)
micro teaching
classroom discussions
reciprocal teaching
feedback
self questioning
problem solving teaching
As Hattie states in the video above inquiry is better for deeper level learning and surface level learning
There are three phases of inquiry
beginning – engaging learning
middle – learning knowledge and understanding
end – digging deeper application and communication
so if you have seen failure with inquiry there might be some clues why
Is it developmentally appropriate?
Are we asking our students to develop these deep questions before they have the context to dig deeper.
If you are in construction before you dig a hole you learn about the soil conditions and the environment you set up your equipment then you dig deeper.
Inquiry based learning is the same way. They start with curiosity and questions but they may not be able to answer these questions right away and some of those questions might not be that great deep questions that is okay.
These questions at the beginning give you an insight into your students interests, ideas, misconceptions, gaps, etc. They are a goal and an opportunity to assess what they know and where you can go with it.
Have we set the stage?
Before they start digging deeper to find the answers to their questions independently they need to first learn more about the content.
No this does not mean that we move away from a student centered approach and begin to have our students passively acquire knowledge but that we use their surface knowledge and understand questions to help us guide them in gaining a better understanding of the content.
We use a guided inquiry approach. To help them lay the foundation to dig a bit deeper.
Are we integrating it with other best practices?
Using questions as your guide for inquiry and letting students discover things all on their own without guidance isn’t going to work either
When students find information we need to help them make sense of it. We need to walk them through the thinking that is needed that allows them to integrate new knowledge with previous understandings.
We need to have opportunities to
make meaningful connections
Share our learning ask more questions
make it all make sense
get feedback
reflect
collaborate with others
Inquiry is not about students doing it on their own but it is about building a learning community where we all have a voice and learn along side one another.
Have we picked the right content to inquire about?
Well sometimes our hands are tied but we need to make sure we are not asking our students to do more than they are capable
We need to get our students prepare to inquire about the bigger issues. The real life issues that affect people.
We also need to make sure inquiry projects are about applying what they learned and making connections and communicating their results.
Our inquiry projects are less effective when we are asking them to just regurgitate facts.
Are we doing “inquiry” too soon?
so most of the time we use inquiry to mean the student defined question that is being researched and answered. That we start with this big idea then let them have at it. Just start researching away.
This level of autonomy is too soon for most 10 year olds.
Plus in the context of learning new unfamiliar content they can’t dig deep into learning before they learn a bit about the subject.
There is an important middle step that needs to be put into place before students can answer those big ideas.
So what can you do about it? How can you fix it?
Well here in this freebie I have outlined my three phases for inquiry.
Inquiry has a beginning, middle, and end.
Beginning: Inspiring Curiosity
This is where you gather information, ask questions, encourage students to be curious. They ask questions, tell you what they know and you set the stage with clearly defined learning goals and success criteria.
Middle: Building the foundation
This is where we need to look at those surface level ideas and plan opportunities for students to build their background knowledge.
We can set them up with questions, lead them in the direction of quality research and engage them with meaningful experiences.
We talk and conference and help them make meaning of the new learning they are discovering.
Classroom discussions, reflections, conferences, and small group instruction, even direct teaching when necessary is all important here.
This can even be a place for assessment
The End: Digging deeper
This is the part that everyone thinks about.
Chasing the big idea, digging deeper.
This part is much easier when the background knowledge is there.
They choose an area of interest they ask a big question, they find some answers
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Autonomy: the power to be independent and free; freedom from external control or influence.
So sometimes inquiry doesn’t work!
